Neem Leaf Extract: An Acaricide Against Adult Cattle Tick (Boophilus microplus)
Keywords:
Aracidal effect, Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), leaf extract, cattle tick (Boophilus)
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the acaricidal effect of Neem Tree Leaf Extract (Azadirachta indica) using varying levels of concentrations at different lengths of exposure and to compare its efficacy with Organophosphate. The Experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments, replicated three times. The treatments evaluated were as follows: T1 – Organophosphate (Control); T2 – 25% Neem Tree Leaf Extract; T3 – 50% Neem Tree Leaf Extract; T4 – 75% Neem Tree Leaf Extract; and T5 – 100% Neem Tree Leaf Extract. Filter papers were dipped with the extracts and matted in petridishes. The ticks were placed in the treated filter papers with corresponding levels of Neem Tree Leaf Extract. There were three observations (60, 90 and 120 minutes) used to determine the effect and the killing duration of the extract. All the levels of the Neem tree leaf extract concentration used could kill ticks of cattle, however, the killing depends upon the level of concentrations and the duration of exposure. At higher concentrations, it was proven that the killing effect of the Neem tree leaf extract to adult ticks were faster than the extract at lower concentration.
Based on the result of the study, the use of Organophosphate (control) was statistically similar to that of 100 percent Neem tree leaf extract in killing ticks at a maximum length of one hundred twenty minutes exposure.
References
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[15] Sitasiwi, A. J., Isdadiyanto, S., & Mardiati, S. M. (2017, May). The estradiol 17-β concentration in mice after treated with ethanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (neem). In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1844, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
[16] Vongkhamchanh, B., Rattanasena, P., & Bussaman, P. (2014). Acaricidal activities of crude extract derived (Acari: Ixodidea). วารสาร วิทยาศาสตร์ à¹à¸¥à¸° เทคโนโลยี มหาวิทยาลัย มหาสารคาม, 33(2), 211-216.
[17] Flor-Weiler, L. B., Behle, R. W., Eller, F. J., Muturi, E. J., & Rooney, A. P. (2022). Repellency and toxicity of a CO2-derived cedarwood oil on hard tick species (Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 86(2), 299-312.
[18] Krishnaveni S., Venkatalakshmi P. (2014). Antimicrobial, larvicidal and acaricidal activities of the ethanolic extract of andrographis paniculata and carica papaya leaves. World Journal Pharmacology Research ;3:660–669. [Google Scholar]
[19] Mahran, M., Wahba, A., & Mansour, K. (2020). In vitro acaricidal effect of Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and Citrullus Colocynthis extracts against the camel ticks, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Ecosystem and Ecography, 10(1), 264-300.
[20] Avinash B, Suprajal N, Prasad TNV, Santhi CP. (2017) Evaluation of acaricidal activity of Azadirachta indica extracts against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and its GC-MS analysis. Internat J Sci, Environment and Technol. 6 : 980-992.
[21] Lokanadhan, S., Muthukrishnan, P., & Jeyaraman, S. (2012). Neem products and their agricultural applications. Journal of Biopesticides, 5, 72.
[22] Nisbet, A. J. (2000). Azadirachtin from the neem tree Azadirachta indica: its action against insects. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 29, 615-632.
[23] Wanzala, W. (2017) Potential of Traditional Knowledge of Plants in the Management of Arthropods in Livestock Industry with Focus on (Acari) Ticks. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, Article ID: 8647919.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8647919
[24] Benelli, G., Canale, A., Toniolo, C., Higuchi, A., Murugan, K., Pavela, R., & Nicoletti, M. (2017). Neem (Azadirachta indica): towards the ideal insecticide?. Natural product research, 31(4), 369-386.
[25] Singh, N. K., Jyoti, Vemu, B., Nandi, A., Singh, H., Kumar, R., & Dumka, V. K. (2014). Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera against synthetic pyrethroid resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitology Research, 113, 341-350.
[2] Burrow, H. M., Mans, B. J., Cardoso, F. F., Birkett, M. A., Kotze, A. C., Hayes, B. J., & Djikeng, A. (2019). Towards a new phenotype for tick resistance in beef and dairy cattle: A review. Animal Production Science, 59(8), 1401-1427.
[3] Schroder, B., & Reilly, B. K. (2013). A comparison between tick species collected in a controlled and control free area on a game ranch in South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 84(1), 1-5.
[4] Estrada-Peña, A., & de la Fuente, J. (2014). The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases. Antiviral research, 108, 104-128.
[5] Rodriguez-Vivas, R. I., Jonsson, N. N., & Bhushan, C. (2018). Strategies for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in a world of conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance. Parasitology research, 117, 3-29.
[6] Ybañez, A. P., Mingala, C. N., & Ybañez, R. H. D. (2018). Historical review and insights on the livestock tick-borne disease research of a developing country: The Philippine scenario. Parasitology international, 67(2), 262-266.
[7] Banumathi, B., Vaseeharan, B., Rajasekar, P., Prabhu, N. M., Ramasamy, P., Murugan, K., & Benelli, G. (2017). Exploitation of chemical, herbal and nano formulated acaricides to control the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus–A review. Veterinary parasitology, 244, 102-110.
[8] Parte1 SG, Patil RD. Patil MA, Patel NS, Chavan JA. (2014). Utilization of herbals for the managements of cattle ticks. Int. J Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci.; 3(10):228-232.
[9] Dula D. E., Zelalem A. (2018). Phytochemical screening of Calpurnia aurea root extract. Kenkyu Journal of Pharmacy Practice & Health Care.;4 [Google Scholar]
[10] Kaur D, Jaiswal K, Mishra S. (2015). Studies on prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting cattle and their control by plant extracts. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 10(6):1-11.
[11] Kaur D, Jaiswal K, Mishra, S .(2017). Evaluation of Anti-Tick Activity of Lantana Camara: A Preliminary Study. Int. J Herb Med.; 5(4):136-139
[12] GarcÃa, M.Y., Castro, G.M., López, M.M., Cárdenas, R.E. and Molina, B.R. (2017) Effect of Leaf Extract Neem (Azadirachta indica) for Controlling Ectoparasites in Dogs. Scientific Journal, 27, 154-161.
[13] Fernández, G. A. I., RodrÃguez, I. E. R., & Paz, A. J. H. (2013). Tick control activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss.(neem). Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales, 18(2), 327-340.
[14] Adenubi, O. T., Fasina, F. O., McGaw, L. J., Eloff, J. N., & Naidoo, V. (2016). Plant extracts to control ticks of veterinary and medical importance: A review. South African Journal of Botany, 105, 178-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.03.010.
[15] Sitasiwi, A. J., Isdadiyanto, S., & Mardiati, S. M. (2017, May). The estradiol 17-β concentration in mice after treated with ethanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (neem). In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1844, No. 1). AIP Publishing.
[16] Vongkhamchanh, B., Rattanasena, P., & Bussaman, P. (2014). Acaricidal activities of crude extract derived (Acari: Ixodidea). วารสาร วิทยาศาสตร์ à¹à¸¥à¸° เทคโนโลยี มหาวิทยาลัย มหาสารคาม, 33(2), 211-216.
[17] Flor-Weiler, L. B., Behle, R. W., Eller, F. J., Muturi, E. J., & Rooney, A. P. (2022). Repellency and toxicity of a CO2-derived cedarwood oil on hard tick species (Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology, 86(2), 299-312.
[18] Krishnaveni S., Venkatalakshmi P. (2014). Antimicrobial, larvicidal and acaricidal activities of the ethanolic extract of andrographis paniculata and carica papaya leaves. World Journal Pharmacology Research ;3:660–669. [Google Scholar]
[19] Mahran, M., Wahba, A., & Mansour, K. (2020). In vitro acaricidal effect of Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and Citrullus Colocynthis extracts against the camel ticks, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Ecosystem and Ecography, 10(1), 264-300.
[20] Avinash B, Suprajal N, Prasad TNV, Santhi CP. (2017) Evaluation of acaricidal activity of Azadirachta indica extracts against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and its GC-MS analysis. Internat J Sci, Environment and Technol. 6 : 980-992.
[21] Lokanadhan, S., Muthukrishnan, P., & Jeyaraman, S. (2012). Neem products and their agricultural applications. Journal of Biopesticides, 5, 72.
[22] Nisbet, A. J. (2000). Azadirachtin from the neem tree Azadirachta indica: its action against insects. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 29, 615-632.
[23] Wanzala, W. (2017) Potential of Traditional Knowledge of Plants in the Management of Arthropods in Livestock Industry with Focus on (Acari) Ticks. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, Article ID: 8647919.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8647919
[24] Benelli, G., Canale, A., Toniolo, C., Higuchi, A., Murugan, K., Pavela, R., & Nicoletti, M. (2017). Neem (Azadirachta indica): towards the ideal insecticide?. Natural product research, 31(4), 369-386.
[25] Singh, N. K., Jyoti, Vemu, B., Nandi, A., Singh, H., Kumar, R., & Dumka, V. K. (2014). Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera against synthetic pyrethroid resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitology Research, 113, 341-350.
Published
2024-04-25
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