Design of Drip Irrigation with Smart Plug-Based Timer for Urban Agriculture at Surya Makmur Farmer Group, Mantrijeron, Yogyakarta City
Abstract
Kelompok Tani (KT) Surya Makmur represents a growing community committed to urban agriculture and sustainable food production such as Chilli, Lettuce, and spinach in Yogyakarta. However, challenges related to manual irrigation practices, inconsistent watering schedules, and resource management have highlighted the need for more sophisticated irrigation methods. This study integrated a drip irrigation system with a smart plug-based timer, leveraging the power of automation to optimize water use, reduce manual labor, and ensure consistent plant hydration. The installation’s design was made using Canva editing software. The installation of the drip irrigation systems includes the construction of a water reservoir tank base, assembly of irrigation channels with PVC pipes and 16mm PE hoses, emitters, and dripper sticks, and then installation of mist sprayers in the greenhouse. In this study, the tests carried out were the actual emitter flow rate, evaporation rate, and performance tests, including the coefficient of variance (CV) and emission uniformity (EU). Based on the study's results, the coefficient of variation (CV) value of 0.04% indicates good performance. The emitter with a theoretical flow rate of 8L/hour has an actual flow rate of 8.33L/hour, conforming to the equipment specifications of 94.9%. The average evaporation in the test field was recorded at 8.13 mL/hour. This study concluded that implementing the drip irrigation system has helped KT Surya Makmur reduce labor for manual irrigation practices, maintain a consistent watering schedule, and increase resource utilization efficiency.
References
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[4] Zhou, B., D. Wang, T. Wang, & L. Yunkai. 2018. Chemical Clogging Behavior in Drip Irrigation Systems Using Reclaimed Water. Transactions of the ASABE, 61(5): 1667-1675. doi: 10.13031/TRANS.12902
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[8] Liu, L., W. Niu, Z. Wu, O. O. Ayantobo, & Y. Guan. 2018. Effect of Fertilization and Sediment Flow Hydraulic Characteristics on Emitter Clogging in Muddy Water Drip Fertigation System. Irrigation and Drainage, 67(5): 713-723. doi: 10.1002/IRD.2281
[9] Du, Y., L. Zhang, F. Yang, W. Zhou, & X. He. 2024. Effects of Algal Organic Matters on Microporous Ceramic Emitters Clogging in Agricultural Water Distribution Systems: Experiment and Molecular Simulation Investigations. Science of The Total Environment, 951: 175709. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175709
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[11] Said, B.A., E.H. Mohamed, H. Abdallah, E.I. Brahim, K. Ilham, B. M'barek, M. Nassiri, S. Darbal, T. Adakhil, Y. Riadi, & D. Ali. 2024. Understanding and Controlling Chemical Clogging in Drip Irrigation: Integrating Experimental Methods, Density Functional Theory Calculations and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Irrigation and Drainage, doi: 10.1002/ird.3009
[12] Shi, K., T. Lu, W. Zheng, X. Zhang, & L. Zhangzhong. 2022. A Review of The Category, Mechanism, and Controlling Methods of Chemical Clogging in Drip Irrigation System. Agriculture, 12(2): 202. doi: 10.3390/agriculture12020202
[13] Japhet, N., J. Tarchitzky, & Y. Chen. 2022. Effectiveness of Hydrogen Peroxide Treatments in Preventing Biofilm Clogging in Drip Irrigation Systems Applying Treated Wastewater. Biofouling, 38(6): 575-592. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2102903
[14] Al-Sharify, Z. T., H. T. Hamad, Z. A. Alshrefy, S. A. Sarow, & T. H. Nail. 2023. A Review of Fluid Flow Applications and Hydraulic Performance of Sustainable Drip Irrigation to Improve Water Resource Management. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Science, 30(3): 59-70. doi: 10.25130/tjes.30.3.7
[15] Wu, P., J. Barragan, & V. Bralts. 2020. Irrigation Systems: Water Conservation. In Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems (pp. 151-154). Boca Raton : CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9781003045045-16
[16] Çetin, Ö. & Akalp, E. 2019. Efficient Use of Water and Fertilizers in Irrigated Agriculture: Drip Irrigation and Fertigation. Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 22(2): 97-102. https://doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2019-0019
[17] Guo, H. and S. Li. 2024. A Review of Drip Irrigation’s Effect on Water, Carbon Fluxes, and Crop Growth in Farmland. Water, 16(15): 2206.
[18] Shuli, F. 2019. Performance and Evaluation of Drip Irrigation System, and Its Future Advantages. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 9(9): 25-35.
[19] Reddy, A. R. G., D. T. Santosh, & K. Tiwari. 2017. Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertigation on Growth, Development and Yield of Vegetables and Fruits. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(2): 1471-1483. doi: 10.20546/IJCMAS.2017.602.165
[20] Banik, B., S. Korav, A. Guin, & D. Unjia. 2024. Impact of Drip Irrigation on Crop Growth, Yield, Water Productivity, and Weed Dynamics: A Review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(4): 739-749.
[21] Mbagatuzinde, K., M. S. Bhullar, T. Kaur, & A. S. Brar. 2022. Weed Management in Maize Through Integration of Drip Irrigation, Mulch and Herbicide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 92(4): 791-800.
[22] Jaydeep, H., K. Srivastava, & A. Rai. 2023. Irrigation, A Potential Tool for Insect Pest Management in Horticultural Crops - A Review. Current Horticulture, 11(1): 3-7. doi: 10.5958/2455-7560.2023.00001.8
[23] Manda, R. R., V. A. Addanki, & S. Srivastava. 2021. Role of Drip Irrigation in Plant Health Management, Its Importance and Maintenance. Plant Archives, 21(1): 1294-1302. doi: 10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.V21.S1.204
[24] Racine, J., A. Nerney, S. Kilgore, J. K. Darner, M. Spets, F. Critzer, L. J. Harris, S. R. Reitz, T. Waters, & J. Waite?Cusic. 2024. Irrigation Method Matters: Contamination and Die-Off Rates of Escherichia Coli on Dry Bulb Onions After Overhead and Drip Irrigation in Washington State (2022-2023). Journal of Food Protection, 87(9). doi: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100326
[25] Esteves, R. G. R., C. P. Gerba, & D. C. Slack. 2022. Control of Viral and Bacterial Contamination of Lettuce by Subsurface Drip Irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering-ASCE, 148(10). doi: 10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001706
[26] Rendon, D., & V. M. Walton. 2019. Drip and Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation in Blueberry as Cultural Control for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Northwestern United States. Journal of Economic Entomology, 112(2): 745-752.
[27] Cartika, I., R. Murtiningsih, A. Sembiring, N. W. H. Sulastiningsih, T. K. Moekasan, L. Prabaningrum, W. Setiawatii, & A. Hasyim. 2023. Drip Irrigation System: Useful Technique to Improve Chili Production. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1183(1): 012010. IOP Publishing.
[28] Kunapara, A. N., R. Subbaiah, & G. R. Patel. 2024. Approximation of the Pressure-discharge Curve in Inline Drip Irrigation System. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 30(8): 35-45. doi: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i2222
[29] Farah, A. & A. S. H. Abdi. 2023. Evaluation of Hydraulic Performance of Three Different Emitters in Drip Irrigation Systems for Small Vegetable Farms, Gezira State, Sudan. International Journal of Agriculture and Nutrition, 5(2): 11-15. doi:10.33545/26646064.2023.v5.i2a.123
[30] Ghosh, U., D. Banerjee, S. Bose, A. Das, D. Das, R. Barua, S. Saha, D. Acharjee, S. Sahoo, W. Sadhukhan, & S. Kazi. 2023. A Study on the Optimum Water Use in Drip Irrigation System. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 42(8): 1-9.
[2] Keller, J. & R. D. Bleisner. 1990. Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation. New York: AVI Publishing Company, Inc.
[3] James, L. G. 1988. Principles of Farm Irrigation System Design. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp. 543.
[4] Zhou, B., D. Wang, T. Wang, & L. Yunkai. 2018. Chemical Clogging Behavior in Drip Irrigation Systems Using Reclaimed Water. Transactions of the ASABE, 61(5): 1667-1675. doi: 10.13031/TRANS.12902
[5] Petit, J., S. M. García., B. Molle, D. Héran., N. Ait-Mouheb, & R. Bendoula. 2023. Detection and Monitoring of Drip Irrigation Clogging Using Absorbance Spectroscopy Coupled with Multivariate Analysis. Biosystems Engineering, 235: 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2023.09.008
[6] Ma, C., C. Jiang, Y. Li, N. Shi, S. Liu, X. Hu, Z. Liu, Z. Sun, & T. Muhammad. 2024. Effect of Lateral Flushing on Emitter Clogging in Drip Irrigation Using High-sediment Water. Agricultural Water Management, 293: 108702. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108702
[7] Ramachandrula, V. R. 2022. Prevention and Treatment of Drip Emitter Clogging: A Review of Various Innovative Methods. Water Practice & Technology, 17(10): 2059-2070. doi: 10.2166/wpt.2022.115
[8] Liu, L., W. Niu, Z. Wu, O. O. Ayantobo, & Y. Guan. 2018. Effect of Fertilization and Sediment Flow Hydraulic Characteristics on Emitter Clogging in Muddy Water Drip Fertigation System. Irrigation and Drainage, 67(5): 713-723. doi: 10.1002/IRD.2281
[9] Du, Y., L. Zhang, F. Yang, W. Zhou, & X. He. 2024. Effects of Algal Organic Matters on Microporous Ceramic Emitters Clogging in Agricultural Water Distribution Systems: Experiment and Molecular Simulation Investigations. Science of The Total Environment, 951: 175709. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175709
[10] Li, H., P. Li, J. Li, Y. Jiang, & X. Huang. 2023. Influence of Micro/nano Aeration on The Diversity of The Microbial Community in Drip Irrigation to Reduce Emitter Clogging. Biosystems Engineering, 235: 116-130. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2023.09.016
[11] Said, B.A., E.H. Mohamed, H. Abdallah, E.I. Brahim, K. Ilham, B. M'barek, M. Nassiri, S. Darbal, T. Adakhil, Y. Riadi, & D. Ali. 2024. Understanding and Controlling Chemical Clogging in Drip Irrigation: Integrating Experimental Methods, Density Functional Theory Calculations and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Irrigation and Drainage, doi: 10.1002/ird.3009
[12] Shi, K., T. Lu, W. Zheng, X. Zhang, & L. Zhangzhong. 2022. A Review of The Category, Mechanism, and Controlling Methods of Chemical Clogging in Drip Irrigation System. Agriculture, 12(2): 202. doi: 10.3390/agriculture12020202
[13] Japhet, N., J. Tarchitzky, & Y. Chen. 2022. Effectiveness of Hydrogen Peroxide Treatments in Preventing Biofilm Clogging in Drip Irrigation Systems Applying Treated Wastewater. Biofouling, 38(6): 575-592. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2102903
[14] Al-Sharify, Z. T., H. T. Hamad, Z. A. Alshrefy, S. A. Sarow, & T. H. Nail. 2023. A Review of Fluid Flow Applications and Hydraulic Performance of Sustainable Drip Irrigation to Improve Water Resource Management. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Science, 30(3): 59-70. doi: 10.25130/tjes.30.3.7
[15] Wu, P., J. Barragan, & V. Bralts. 2020. Irrigation Systems: Water Conservation. In Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems (pp. 151-154). Boca Raton : CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9781003045045-16
[16] Çetin, Ö. & Akalp, E. 2019. Efficient Use of Water and Fertilizers in Irrigated Agriculture: Drip Irrigation and Fertigation. Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 22(2): 97-102. https://doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2019-0019
[17] Guo, H. and S. Li. 2024. A Review of Drip Irrigation’s Effect on Water, Carbon Fluxes, and Crop Growth in Farmland. Water, 16(15): 2206.
[18] Shuli, F. 2019. Performance and Evaluation of Drip Irrigation System, and Its Future Advantages. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 9(9): 25-35.
[19] Reddy, A. R. G., D. T. Santosh, & K. Tiwari. 2017. Effect of Drip Irrigation and Fertigation on Growth, Development and Yield of Vegetables and Fruits. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(2): 1471-1483. doi: 10.20546/IJCMAS.2017.602.165
[20] Banik, B., S. Korav, A. Guin, & D. Unjia. 2024. Impact of Drip Irrigation on Crop Growth, Yield, Water Productivity, and Weed Dynamics: A Review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(4): 739-749.
[21] Mbagatuzinde, K., M. S. Bhullar, T. Kaur, & A. S. Brar. 2022. Weed Management in Maize Through Integration of Drip Irrigation, Mulch and Herbicide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 92(4): 791-800.
[22] Jaydeep, H., K. Srivastava, & A. Rai. 2023. Irrigation, A Potential Tool for Insect Pest Management in Horticultural Crops - A Review. Current Horticulture, 11(1): 3-7. doi: 10.5958/2455-7560.2023.00001.8
[23] Manda, R. R., V. A. Addanki, & S. Srivastava. 2021. Role of Drip Irrigation in Plant Health Management, Its Importance and Maintenance. Plant Archives, 21(1): 1294-1302. doi: 10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.V21.S1.204
[24] Racine, J., A. Nerney, S. Kilgore, J. K. Darner, M. Spets, F. Critzer, L. J. Harris, S. R. Reitz, T. Waters, & J. Waite?Cusic. 2024. Irrigation Method Matters: Contamination and Die-Off Rates of Escherichia Coli on Dry Bulb Onions After Overhead and Drip Irrigation in Washington State (2022-2023). Journal of Food Protection, 87(9). doi: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100326
[25] Esteves, R. G. R., C. P. Gerba, & D. C. Slack. 2022. Control of Viral and Bacterial Contamination of Lettuce by Subsurface Drip Irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering-ASCE, 148(10). doi: 10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001706
[26] Rendon, D., & V. M. Walton. 2019. Drip and Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation in Blueberry as Cultural Control for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Northwestern United States. Journal of Economic Entomology, 112(2): 745-752.
[27] Cartika, I., R. Murtiningsih, A. Sembiring, N. W. H. Sulastiningsih, T. K. Moekasan, L. Prabaningrum, W. Setiawatii, & A. Hasyim. 2023. Drip Irrigation System: Useful Technique to Improve Chili Production. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1183(1): 012010. IOP Publishing.
[28] Kunapara, A. N., R. Subbaiah, & G. R. Patel. 2024. Approximation of the Pressure-discharge Curve in Inline Drip Irrigation System. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 30(8): 35-45. doi: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i2222
[29] Farah, A. & A. S. H. Abdi. 2023. Evaluation of Hydraulic Performance of Three Different Emitters in Drip Irrigation Systems for Small Vegetable Farms, Gezira State, Sudan. International Journal of Agriculture and Nutrition, 5(2): 11-15. doi:10.33545/26646064.2023.v5.i2a.123
[30] Ghosh, U., D. Banerjee, S. Bose, A. Das, D. Das, R. Barua, S. Saha, D. Acharjee, S. Sahoo, W. Sadhukhan, & S. Kazi. 2023. A Study on the Optimum Water Use in Drip Irrigation System. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 42(8): 1-9.
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